Which component of a computer is responsible for temporary data storage while programs are running?

The component of a computer responsible for temporary data storage while programs are running is RAM, or Random Access Memory. RAM is designed to be fast and volatile, meaning it loses its stored data when the power is turned off. It allows for quick read and write access, which is essential for the performance of running applications and the operating system. Unlike permanent storage devices like hard drives, which retain data even when powered down, RAM provides the necessary space for active processes and data that the CPU needs to access rapidly.

Cache memory is also a type of temporary storage, but it is even faster and is used specifically for storing frequently accessed data and instructions for quick retrieval by the CPU. However, it is a smaller component compared to RAM and serves a specific purpose as a level of quick access in the overall memory hierarchy. The hard drive serves as long-term storage, holding data and files permanently, while ROM (Read-Only Memory) contains firmware that is not intended for data storage during program execution. Therefore, RAM is the primary component that facilitates temporary data storage for active programs, making it the optimal choice in this context.